The children’s library science in modern China was the result of the educational reform and the division of disciplines in the national turbulence of late Qing dynasty. It was also the product of the discovery of children in the early Republic of China. In the late Qing era, when Chinese society was experiencing a worsening national crisis, many state- and privately-owned libraries were constructed, and the library science movement with its primary objective of educating people's wisdom formed. Children beyond the age of 12 were recognized as readers and were allowed to enter libraries. As the concept of children was reshaped in the early Republic of China, the library science thought with the main purpose of providing necessary and understandable knowledge came into being. On this basis, with the help of “New Library Movement”, library science was recognized as an independent discipline. Chinese library scholars began to form a specialized scientific community. What mentioned above further developed children library science’s common expression of conforming to national conditions as well as shared values. Reassessing the development of children library science in the historical context has enormous significance of academic history, which is necessary to understand the independent knowledge system of library science.