This paper analyses the different definitions of open science given by experts and scholars at home and abroad in recent years through investigation and research, and puts forward its own understanding and interpretation of Open Science, and analyses its influence on research libraries from the constituent elements of open science, to explore and analyze the current historical opportunities and challenges of research libraries. It demonstrates that the transformation and upgrading of research libraries' role in scientific research under the background of open science, and tries to orient them precisely. Research libraries should be positioned as active promoters of the open scientific concept; as professional constructors of scientific research infrastructure; as technology leaders embedded in the open scientific research process; as potential sponsors seeking open publishing; and as normative guardians of intellectual rights and interests.