Public data is a crucial new production factor in the context of the digital economy. In public data governance, there is an urgent need to develop a set of solution that gain broader international recognition to promote resource data and maximize the value of public data. This paper uses fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) to conduct conditional combination analysis on 38 countries worldwide, exploring the synergistic effects and driving paths of technological, organizational, and environmental factors on public data governance. It reveals the core conditions and complex interactions that influence public data governance. The findings suggest that there are multiple equivalent explanatory pathways for public data governance, which can be summarized into two models: external digital relationship driven and internal institutional driven. These results help explore multi-stakeholder governance policies for public data that suit global development. Based on balancing public data privacy rights and openness, they promote the establishment of an open and mutually beneficial new framework for public data governance.