随着数据密集型科研范式时代的到来，科学数据已成为全球科学系统基础设施的重要组成部分，是经济社会发展的重要战略资源和国家科技创新和竞争的重要制高点。为在科技竞争中保持优势，世界各国尤其是欧美发达国家纷纷布局，出台了一系列科学数据管理相关政策、法规和指南，意图发挥科学数据在不同领域的重要作用，推动本国或本地区的科技进步和创新发展。文章通过系统梳理欧美各国重要的科学数据政策，提出我国应从构建多方面多层次的政策体系、发挥科研资助机构在政策制定和执行中的重要作用着手，提升科学数据利用和共享水平。

With the advent of data-intensive scientific research paradigm, scientific data have become an important part of infrastructure of global science system, and also important strategic resources for social economic development and commanding heights of national scientific innovation and competition. In order to maintain competitive advantage, all countries, especially American and European countries are making a series of policies, regulations and guidebooks about science data management to promote the development of science and technology in respective countries and regions. Through a systematic combing of important American and European policies about science data management, the author put forward suggestions for our country to construct comprehensive policies so as to improve the level of data utilization and sharing.